DC electric motor/generator with enhanced permanent magnet flux densities

ABSTRACT

A new and improved method for producing electric energy or mechanical power, and in particular to an improved system and method for producing rotary motion from an electro-magnetic motor or generating electrical power from a rotary motion input by concentrating magnetic forces due to electromagnetism or geometric configurations.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/613,022, filed on Mar. 20,2012, entitled “An Improved Electric Motor Generator,” and the benefitof the filing date of a PCT application entitled “AN IMPROVED DCELECTRIC MOTOR/GENERATOR WITH ENHANCED PERMANENT MAGNET FLUX DENSITIES”filed on Mar. 20, 2013, international application numberPCT/US2013/033198, the disclosure of both applications are alsoincorporated by reference for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates in general to a new and improved electricmotor/generator, and in particular to an improved system and method forproducing rotary motion from a electro-magnetic motor or generatingelectrical power from a rotary motion input.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Electric motors use electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, verytypically through the interaction of magnetic fields andcurrent-carrying conductors. The conversion of electrical energy intomechanical energy by electromagnetic means was first demonstrated by theBritish scientist Michael Faraday in 1821 and later quantified by thework of Hendrik Lorentz.

A magnetic field is generated when electric charge carriers such aselectrons move through space or within an electrical conductor. Thegeometric shapes of the magnetic flux lines produced by moving chargecarriers (electric current) are similar to the shapes of the flux linesin an electrostatic field. Magnetic flux passes through most metals withlittle or no effect, with certain exceptions, notably iron and nickel.These two metals, and alloys and mixtures containing them, are known asferromagnetic materials because they concentrate magnetic lines of flux.Areas of greatest field strength or flux concentration are known asmagnetic poles.

In a traditional electric motor, a central core of tightly wrappedcurrent carrying material creates magnetic poles (known as the rotor)which spins or rotates at high speed between the fixed poles of a magnet(known as the stator) when an electric current is applied. The centralcore is typically coupled to a shaft which will also rotate with therotor. The shaft may be used to drive gears and wheels in a rotarymachine and/or convert rotational motion into motion in a straight line.

Generators are usually based on the principle of electromagneticinduction, which was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Faradaydiscovered that when an electrical conducting material (such as copper)is moved through a magnetic field (or vice versa), an electric currentwill begin to flow through that material. This electromagnetic effectinduces voltage or electric current into the moving conductors.

Current power generation devices such as rotary alternator/generatorsand linear alternators rely on Faraday's discovery to produce power. Infact, rotary generators are essentially very large quantities of wirespinning around the inside of very large magnets. In this situation, thecoils of wire are called the armature because they are moving withrespect to the stationary magnets (which are called the stators).Typically, the moving component is called the armature and thestationary components are called the stator or stators.

Motors and generators used today produce or utilize a sinusoidal timevarying voltage. This waveform is inherent to the operation of thesedevices.

In most conventional motors, both linear and rotating, enough power ofthe proper polarity must be pulsed at the right time to supply anopposing (or attracting) force at each pole segment to produce aparticular torque. In conventional motors at any given instant only aportion of the coil pole pieces is actively supplying torque.

With conventional motors a pulsed electrical current of sufficientmagnitude must be applied to produce a given torque/horsepower.Horsepower output and efficiency then is a function of design,electrical input power plus losses.

With conventional generators, an electrical current is produced when therotor is rotated. The power generated is a function of flux strength,conductor size, number of pole pieces and speed in RPM. However outputis a sinusoidal output with the same losses as shown in conventionalelectric motors.

A conventional linear motor/generator, on the other hand, may bevisualized as a typical electric motor/generator that has been cut openand unwrapped. The “stator” is laid out in the form of a track of flatcoils made from aluminum or copper and is known as the “primary” of alinear motor. The “rotor” takes the form of a moving platform known asthe “secondary.” When the current is switched on, the secondary glidespast the primary supported and propelled by a magnetic field. A Lineargenerator works in the same manner but mechanical power provides theforce to move the rotor or secondary past magnetic fields.

In traditional generators and motors, the pulsed time varying magneticfields produces undesired effects and losses, i.e. Iron Hystersislosses, Counter-EMF, inductive kickback, eddy currents, inrush currents,torque ripple, heat losses, cogging, brush losses, high wear in brusheddesigns, commutation losses and magnetic buffeting of permanent magnets.In many instances, complex controllers are used in place of mechanicalcommutation to address some of these effects.

In motors and generators that utilize permanent magnets it is desirableto increase magnetic flux densities to achieve more efficient operation.Most permanent magnet motor/generators used today rely on permanentmagnets such as Neodymium magnets. These magnets are the strongest ofthe man made magnetic materials. Due to their strategic value toindustry and high costs it is desirable to increase flux densitieswithout relying on a breakthrough in material composition of thesemagnets or manufacturing high density special purpose magnet shapes andsizes.

In motors or generators, some form of energy drives the rotation and/ormovement of the rotor. As energy becomes more scarce and expensive, whatis needed are more efficient motors and generators to reduce energycosts.

SUMMARY

In response to these and other problems, there is presented variousembodiments disclosed in this application, including methods and systemsof increasing flux density by permanent magnet manipulation.Specifically, methods and systems of increasing flux density utilizingcommercially available shapes or sizes that can be chosen based on lowercost rather than flux density. Also described are methods of producingmechanical power by moving a coil/s coupled to a core into a magnetassembly with an increased flux density or producing an electricaloutput power when the coils are mechanically forced through the magneticassembly with an increased flux density. In certain aspects, within themagnetic cylinder or magnet assembly magnetic flux lines are created andincreased by the configuration of permanent magnets or electromagnetsand are restrained within the magnetic cylinder or magnet assembly untilexiting at predetermined locations.

In certain aspects presented herein, non-pulsating or non-sinusoidal DCcurrent is applied to the power terminals which produces a Lorentz forceat each length of coil conductor. This force is applied continuouslythroughout the entire rotation of the rotor hub without variations inamplitude or interruptions in output power. There are no pole pieces toprovide magnetic attraction or repulsion consequently, there is reducedtorque ripple, polarity reversals or interruptions in power output whilethe poles are in the process of reversing, thus producing more efficientoutput than traditional motors

When certain aspects of the disclosed embodiments are used as agenerator non pulsating or non-sinusoidal DC current is produced at thepower terminals. A Lorentz force at each length of coil conductor andacross all coils induces an output current flow. This output is suppliedcontinuously throughout the entire rotation of the rotor hub withoutvariations in amplitude, polarity reversals, or interruptions in outputpower. There are no pole pieces to provide magnetic attraction orrepulsion which produces a current output more efficiently thantraditional generators.

Certain aspects of the disclosure reduces or eliminates the undesiredeffects and losses of traditional generators and motors discussed above,including Iron Hystersis losses, Counter-EMF, inductive kickback, eddycurrents, inrush currents, torque ripple, heat losses, cogging, brushlosses, sparking and high wear in brushed designs, commutation lossesand magnetic buffeting of permanent magnets.

In summary, certain aspects of the various disclosed embodiments mayprovide the following benefits:

Unlike conventional brush rectified or PWM controller motor/generators,the coils in aspects of this invention are in continuous contact withthe Permanent Magnet field and thus produce a non-varying continuoustorque or output.

Complex PWM drives and controllers, commutators, etc (and the associatedlosses) may not be not required since certain aspects of the inventionproduce and utilize DC current directly.

If automatic speed control for a given load is required, complexposition indication is not required. A much simpler RPM indication and avarying voltage/current relationship is all that is required to controlspeed.

Using the magnetic cylinder/single pole magnet assembly conceptutilizing permanent magnets an otherwise unachievable, extremely strongmagnetic field is generated without consuming any electrical power.

Though a Counter EMF field is produced by any induced current flow, dueto the magnet cylinder and core design there is no direct impact on coilmovement that hinders such movement.

Iron Hysteresis losses are essentially eliminated as only two points onthe core experience any hysteresis loss at all and then only twice perrevolution.

Eddy current losses are essentially eliminated as the core does not moveperpendicular to the flux lines

Cogging is also essentially eliminated as the core forces are balancedand equal in all directions

There is little inrush current as there is no need to saturate largemasses of iron

100% of the copper windings in the coil is utilized to take advantage ofLorentz forces thus there is no wasted copper winding as in conventionalmotor/generators.

Inductive kickback from the rising and collapsing sinusoidal waveform iseliminated

Like other DC motors reversal of torque is simply a reversal of inputpolarities.

These and other features, and advantages, will be more clearlyunderstood from the following detailed description taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings.

It is important to note the drawings are not intended to represent theonly aspect of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a toroidal magnetic cylinderillustrating representative “planar” portions of magnetic flux pathswithin and around the cylinder with an iron core.

FIG. 2a is an isometric and partial section view of a toroidal magneticcylinder of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2b is a detailed partial section view of the toroidal magneticcylinder of FIG. 1a illustrating the planar magnetic fields or fluxwalls generated within the cylinder interior.

FIG. 3 is a conceptualized isometric view of a rotor hub assembly.

FIG. 4 is a conceptualized isometric view of a rotor hub assembly with acoil positioned on the rotor assembly.

FIG. 5 is a conceptualized lateral section view of an electricmotor/generator assembly using the rotor hub assembly illustrating thepower terminals and segmented single slip ring brush assemblyconfiguration.

FIG. 6 is a conceptualized longitudinal section view of the electricmotor/generator assembly of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a lateral section view illustrating one embodiment of acoupling system between a portion of the coils and the slip ringsegments which may be used with the electric motor/generator of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8a is an isometric view of a magnetic ring.

FIG. 8b is a detailed isometric view of a portion of an alternativeembodiment of a magnetic ring.

FIG. 8c is a detailed isometric view of a portion of an alternativeembodiment of a magnetic ring.

FIG. 8d is a detailed isometric view of a portion of an alternativeembodiment of a magnetic ring.

FIG. 9a is an isometric exploded view of a magnetic cylindrical coilassembly.

FIG. 9b is an isometric view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coilassembly of FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 9c is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magneticcylindrical coil assembly of FIG. 9a positioned within a motor/generatorassembly.

FIG. 9d is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magneticcylindrical coil assembly of FIG. 9a within the motor/generator assemblyof FIG. 9c showing a brush system electrically coupled to various coilsof the magnetic cylindrical coil assembly.

FIG. 10a is a section view of an alternative motor/generator assemblywhen a coil segment is not in an energized state.

FIG. 10b is a section view of the motor/generator assembly of FIG. 10awhen the coil segment is in an energized state.

FIG. 11a is an isometric view of an alternative assembled magneticcylindrical coil assembly.

FIG. 11b is a longitudinal isometric section view of the assembledmagnetic cylindrical coil assembly of FIG. 10a positioned within analternative motor/generator assembly.

FIG. 11c is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magneticcylindrical coil assembly of FIG. 10a within the motor/generatorassembly of FIG. 10 b.

FIG. 11d is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magneticcylindrical coil assembly of FIG. 10a within the motor/generatorassembly of FIG. 10b showing a brush system electrically coupled tovarious coils of the magnetic cylindrical coil assembly.

FIG. 12 is a longitudinal section view of an alternative magneticcylindrical coil assembly positioned within a motor/generator assembly.

FIGS. 13a and 13b illustrate a hybrid electromagnet magnet assemblywhich may be used in place of conventional magnets in the variousmagnetic cylinders discussed within this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific examples of components, signals, messages, protocols, andarrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure.These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to limit theinvention from that described in the claims. Well-known elements arepresented without detailed description in order not to obscure thepresent invention in unnecessary detail. For the most part, detailsunnecessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present inventionhave been omitted inasmuch as such details are within the skills ofpersons of ordinary skill in the relevant art. Details regarding controlcircuitry, power supplies, or circuitry used to power certain componentsor elements described herein are omitted, as such details are within theskills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

When directions, such as upper, lower, top, bottom, clockwise, orcounter-clockwise are discussed in this disclosure, such directions aremeant to only supply reference directions for the illustrated figuresand for orientation of components in the figures. The directions shouldnot be read to imply actual directions used in any resulting inventionor actual use. Under no circumstances, should such directions be read tolimit or impart any meaning into the claims.

Most motors and generators used today require or produce a sinusoidaltime varying voltage referred to as Alternating Current (AC). WhenDirect Current is utilized it must first be inverted and pulsed toreplicate an AC waveform to produce the desired current or mechanicaloutput. Certain embodiments of the present invention neither producesnor utilizes Alternating Current but instead directly produces orutilizes a non sinusoidal Direct Current without the need forrectification or commutation. This results in the elimination ofAlternating Current Losses and results in a more efficient utilizationof input or output power. However, certain aspects of the invention mayaccept any rectified A/C current and thus may be “blind” to input powersupply phasing. Thus, simple rectified single phase, two phase, threephase power, etc. are all acceptable for input power depending on theconfiguration.

Turning now to FIG. 1, there is a cross-sectional view of one embodimentof a toroidal magnetic cylinder 100 illustrating representative planarmagnetic flux paths 101 within and around the cylinder. These arerepresentative illustrations; actual flux paths are dependent on thematerial design and specific configuration of the magnets within thecylinder. The magnetic cylinder 100 comprises an outer cylinder wall of102 and an inner cylinder wall 104. The outer cylinder wall 102 andinner cylinder wall 104 may be made with a plurality of magnets. In alateral section view, such as illustrated in FIG. 1, it can be seen thatthe outer cylinder wall 102 is comprised of a plurality of magnets 106,comprising individual magnets, such as magnets 106 a, 106 b, 106 c, etc.Similarly, the inner cylinder wall 104 may be comprised with a pluralityof magnets 108, comprising individual magnets 108 a, 108 b, etc. Itshould be noted that only one polarity of the magnets are utilizedwithin (or facing into) the magnetic cylinder or magnet assembly.

In certain embodiments, there may be a central iron core 110 positionedbetween the outer wall 102 and the inner wall 104, however other corematerials maybe used when design considerations such as strength,reduction of eddy currents, cooling channels, etc. are considered.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of magnets 106 and magnets 108 maybe made of out any suitable magnetic material, such as: neodymium,Alnico alloys, ceramic permanent magnets, or electromagnets. In certainembodiments, each magnet 106 a or 108 a in the respective plurality ofmagnets has the dimensions of 1″×1″×1″. The exact number of magnets orelectromagnets will be dependent on the required magnetic field strengthor mechanical configuration. The illustrated embodiment is only one wayof arranging the magnets, based on certain commercially availablemagnets. Other arrangements are possible—especially if magnets aremanufactured for this specific purpose.

When the plurality of magnets 106 and 108 are arranged into the outerwall 102 and inner wall 104 to form the cylinder 100, the flux lines 101will form particular patterns as represented in a conceptual manner bythe flux lines illustrated in FIG. 1. The actual shape, direction, andorientation of the flux lines 101 depend on factors such as the use ofan interior retaining ring, material composition and configuration. Forexample, the flux line 112 a from the magnet 106 a on the exterior wall102 tends to flow from the north pole of the magnet in a perpendicularmanner from the face of the magnet around the interior of the cylinder100, through the iron core 110, exiting through an open end 114, thenflow around the exterior of the cylinder 100, and back to an exteriorface of the magnet 106 a containing its south pole. Similarly, the fluxline 112 b from the magnet 106 b on the exterior wall 102 tends to flowfrom the north pole of the magnet in a perpendicular manner from theface of the magnet around the interior of the cylinder 100, through theiron core 110, exiting through the open end 114, then flow around theexterior of the cylinder 100, and back to the face of the magnet 106 bcontaining its south pole. Although only a few flux lines 112 areillustrated for purposes of clarity, each successive magnet in theplurality of magnets will produce similar flux lines. Thus, the magneticflux forces for each successive magnet in the plurality of magnets 106tend to follow these illustrative flux lines or patterns 112 for eachsuccessive magnetic disc in the plurality of magnets 106 until themagnets at the open ends 114 or 116 of the magnetic cylinder 100 arereached.

Magnets on the opposing side of the cylinder 100, such as magnet 106 ctend to generate flux lines 112 c from the magnet 106 c on the exteriorwall 102 which tends to flow from the north pole of the magnet in aperpendicular manner from the face around the interior of the cylinder100, through the iron core 110, exiting through an open end 114, thenflow around the exterior of the cylinder 100, and back to an exteriorface of the magnet 106 c containing its south pole. Although only a fewflux lines 112 on the opposing side of the cylinder 100 are illustratedfor purposes of clarity, each successive magnet in the plurality ofmagnets will produce similar flux lines.

In certain embodiments, the interior wall 104 also produces flux lines118. For instance, the flux line 118 a from the magnet 108 a on theinterior wall 104 tends to flow from the north pole in a perpendicularmanner from the face of the magnet, around the interior wall 104 via theiron core 110, and back through the radial center of the interior wall104 to the face of the magnet 108 a containing its south pole.Similarly, the flux line 118 b from the magnet 108 b on the interiorwall 104 tends to flow from the north pole in a perpendicular mannerfrom the face of the magnet, around the interior wall 104 via the ironcore 110, and back through the radial center of the interior wall 104,then back to the face of the magnet 108 b containing its south pole.

The magnetic flux forces for each successive magnet in the plurality ofmagnets 108 tend to follow these illustrative flux lines or patterns 118for each successive magnet in the plurality of magnets 108 until theopen ends 114 or 116 of the magnetic cylinder 100 are reached. Thus, theflux produced by the magnets of the interior wall 104 of the cylinder100 have an unobstructed path to exit through the center of the cylinderand return to its opposing pole on the exterior of the cylinder.

In some embodiments, the magnetic flux lines 112 and 118 will tend todevelop a stacking effect and the configuration of the exterior magneticcylinder manipulates the flux lines 101 of the magnets in the magneticcylinder 100 such that most or all of the flux lines 110 flows out ofthe open ends 114 and 116 of the cylinder 100.

In conventional configurations, the opposing poles of the magnets areusually aligned longitudinally. Thus, the field flux lines will “hug” orclosely follow the surface of the magnets. So, when using conventionalpower generating/utilization equipment, the clearances must usually beextremely tight in order to be able to act on these lines of force. Byaligning like magnetic poles radially with respect to the center 120 ofthe cylinder 100, the magnetic flux lines 112 and 118 tend to stack upas they pass through the center of the magnetic cylinder 110 and radiateperpendicularly from the surface of the magnets. This configurationallows for greater tolerances between coils and the magnetic cylinder100.

In certain embodiments, the iron core 110 is positioned concentricallyabout the center 120 of the magnetic cylinder 100 such that the ironcore is an equidistant radially from the interior wall 104, generating arepresentative flux pattern 101 as illustrated in FIG. 1. The fluxfields or lines are drawn to the iron core 110 and compressed as itapproaches the iron core. The flux fields may then establish what can bevisualized as a series of “flux walls” surrounding the iron core whichextend throughout the cylinder and the exit points.

Turning now to FIG. 2a , there is presented is a conceptual isometricview of the toroidal magnetic cylinder 100 having the central iron core110 positioned within the magnetic cylinder. FIG. 2b is a detailedpartial view of the toroidal magnetic cylinder 100 illustrating theplanar magnetic fields or flux walls 122 generated within the interiorcavity 124 of the magnetic cylinder 100 in conjunction with the ironcore 110. These are representative illustrations; the actual flux walls122 are dependent on the material design and configuration.

The cylinder 100 as presented in FIGS. 1, 2 a and 2 b have beenconceptualized to illustrate the basic flux lines or paths of a partialmagnetic cylinder with an iron core concentrically located in a hollowportion of its walls. From a practical perspective, a core or rotorassembly may position the core 110 within the magnetic cylinder 100.

Turning now to FIG. 3, there is presented an isometric view of a oneembodiment of a assembly 130 comprising an iron core 132, a rotor hub134 and shaft 136. The iron core 132 is similar to the core 110discussed above. The iron core 132 and the rotor hub 134 are fastened toa shaft 136 using conventional fastening methods known in the art. Incertain embodiments the rotor hub 134 may be composed of non-ferrousmaterials for example, to eliminate the production of eddy currents.When assembled with the magnetic cylinder 100, a transverse slot (notshown) in the inner wall 104 of the magnetic cylinder (not shown in FIG.3) allows the core 132 and a portion of the rotor hub 134 to extendthrough the inner wall 104 of the magnetic cylinder 100 and into theinterior cavity 124 (See FIG. 2b ).

In certain embodiments, leakage flux through the transverse slot may bereduced or eliminated by embedding a series or plurality of magnets 138in a periphery of the rotor hub 134. The plurality of magnets 138 may beoriented similar to the cylinder magnets 106 of the cylinder 100 (notshown in FIG. 3). In certain embodiments, the plurality of magnets 138will move with the rotor assembly 130.

In other embodiments the iron core 132 may consist of two or moresegments 140 a and 140 b which may be fastened together to form acomplete ring or core. This configuration may have the benefit ofallowing a plurality of coils to be built on conventional forms thenadded to ring segments.

FIG. 4 illustrates an isometric view of the rotor assembly 130 where thecore 132 comprises the core segment 140 a and the core segment 140 b. Asingle coil 142 a is positioned about the core segment 140 a. In certainembodiments, there may be a plurality of coils 142 as illustrated inFIG. 5.

FIG. 5 is a lateral cross-sectional view of one embodiment of anelectric motor/generator assembly 150 which incorporates the magneticcylinder 100 and the rotor hub 134. FIG. 6 is a longitudinalcross-sectional view of the electric motor/generator assembly 150. Themotor/generator assembly 150 may use components similar to thecomponents discussed above, such as the magnetic cylinder 100 and therotor hub 134. FIG. 7 is a lateral cross-sectional view of oneembodiment of an electric motor/generator assembly 150 illustratingadditional detail regarding the current paths between individual coilsin the plurality of coils 142. The coils illustrated in FIG. 7 areconnected in series but any combination of series or parallelconnections are possible. Additional brush locations may be addeddepending on design needs and criteria.

In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly 150 has alongitudinal shaft 152. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft152 may be made from an iron or a ferrite compound with similar magneticproperties to iron. In some embodiments, the ferrite compound or powdermay be suspended in a viscous material, such as an insulating liquid, alubricant, motor oil, gel, or mineral oil.

In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing 154which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder 100 and thelongitudinal shaft 152. In certain embodiments, the housing 154 may beformed from any material, alloy, or compound having the requiredstructural strength. In certain embodiments, non-ferrous materials maybe used. In some embodiments, external bearings 156 (FIG. 6) may be usedto reduce the friction between the longitudinal shaft 152 and thehousing 154 or a similar supporting structure. In certain embodiments,the housing 154 may be coupled to a base 158 to provide for structuralsupport for the housing 154.

As described with respect to FIGS. 1, 2 a and 2 b, the toroidal magneticcylinder 100 may comprise a plurality of exterior magnets 106 formingthe exterior wall 102, a plurality of interior magnets 108 forming theinterior wall 104. Additionally, there may first side wall 170 and anopposing side wall 172 which include a plurality of side exteriormagnets 168 (see FIGS. 5 and 6).

In certain embodiments, the core 132 as discussed above is positionedconcentrically about a longitudinal axis 176 and within the interiorcavity 124 of the magnetic cylinder 100. As described above, atransverse slot 160 formed within the interior wall 104 of the magneticcylinder 100 allows a portion of the rotor hub 134 to be positionedwithin the interior cavity 124. The rotor hub 134 is also coupled to thecore 132 which is also positioned within the interior cavity 124 of themagnetic cylinder 100.

A plurality of coils 148, such as coil 148 a are positioned radiallyabout the core 132 to form a coil assembly 182. Each individual coil 178a in the coil assembly 182 may be made from a conductive material, suchas copper (or a similar alloy) wire and may be constructed usingconventional winding techniques known in the art. In certainembodiments, the individual coils 178 a may be essentially cylindricalin shape being wound around a coil core (not shown) having a centeropening sized to allow the individual coil 178 a to be secured to thecore 132.

Although a particular number of coils in the plurality of coils 142 areillustrated in FIGS. 5 and 7, depending on the power requirements of themotor/generator assembly, any number of coils could be used to assemblethe coil assembly 182.

In certain embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, a pluralityof slip ring segments 184 electrically connect the individual coils 142a in the coil assembly 182 in series to each other. Other configurationsof coil connections, slip rings and brush injection/pickup points may beutilized. For example, other embodiments may use two non-segmented sliprings and the coils in parallel connection to each other.

In some embodiments, the slip ring segments 184 are in electricalcommunication with a current source via a plurality of brushes 186 and188 (FIG. 6) which may also be positioned within the casing 154 toprovide current to the plurality of coils 142 in the coil assembly 182.In certain embodiments, the brush 186 may be a positive brush and thebrush 188 may be the negative brush. In certain embodiments, inductivecoupling may also be used to transfer power to the coils or vice versa.

When in the “motor mode,” electric power is applied to power terminals190 and 192, certain coils in the plurality of coils 142 move throughthe magnetic cylinder 100 and only “see” “flux walls” similar to theflux walls discussed above in reference to FIG. 2b . The plurality ofcoils 142 are not substantially affected by the direction of flux withinthe core 132, thus the plurality of coils move according to the “righthand rule” throughout the cylinder 100. However during the short periodof time that certain coils of the plurality of coils 142 are out of themagnetic cylinder 100 itself and traveling through the open segment 194,it is possible they can also contribute to the torque being produced.During this transition period, the flux is now leaving the core 132 onits path to the external walls of the magnetic cylinder 100 which is inthe opposite direction to the flux forces within the magnetic cylinder,thus each coil in the plurality of coils 142 has to be supplied with areverse polarity to contribute torque.

At the contact area for the negative brush 188, the current is dividedinto two paths, one path is back through the plurality of coils withinthe magnetic cylinder 100 itself, the other path is routed through thecoils positioned in the open segment 194. Thus, the individual coils inthe plurality of coils 142 are automatically provided with the correctpolarity as illustrated in FIG. 7.

In the generator mode, when the plurality of coils 142 move through themagnetic cylinder 100 as a result of the shaft 152 being rotated, thecoils within the magnetic cylinder only see the “flux walls” (asdiscussed in reference to FIG. 2b ). They may not be affected by thedirection of flux within the core, thus the coils produce powerthroughout their travel through the magnetic cylinder 100. Howeverduring the short period of time they are out of the cylinder 100 itselfand traveling through the open segment 194, it is possible the coils canalso contribute to the power being produced. During this transitionperiod when the coils are in the open segment 194, the flux is nowleaving the iron core 132 on its path to the external walls 102, 104,170 and 172 of the magnetic cylinder 100 which is, however in theopposite direction to the flux forces within the magnetic cylinder.Thus, the coil assembly 182 can also produce usable power which can beutilized depending on design needs.

Should it be desired to remove the open segment coil from the circuit, adiode rectifier may be added to one side of each coil to limit currentflow to a specific direction.

As is well known, almost all conventional magnets have magnetic poles.Magnetic poles are typically either of two regions of a magnet,typically designated north and south, where the magnetic field or fluxdensity is strongest. FIGS. 8a through 8d illustrate the combinations oftypical permanent magnets that may be utilized in magnetic rings orcylinders to create the concentrated flux densities of one magnetic pole(such as the north or south pole). Such magnets may be traditionalmagnets, electro-magnets, or an electro-permanent magnet hybriddiscussed later in this application. Additionally, iron, iron powder orother magnetic material may be added to the cylinder core area forincreased magnetic flux densities and concentrations (not shown).

Rather than using a magnetic cylinder 100 as described above, analternative magnetic ring or cylinder 200 can be made of a single row ofmagnets, such as illustrated in FIG. 8a . As illustrated in FIG. 8a ,all of the like or similar poles (e.g. south poles) of the plurality ofmagnets 202, such as magnet 202 a face inward. Such a magnetic ring 200could be used in a motor or generator, but the strength of the magneticfield or intensity of the flux field (and therefore the motor orgenerator) would primarily depend on the strength of the individualmagnets 202 a in the plurality of magnets 202.

FIG. 8b is an isometric illustration of a portion 210 of a magneticring, where each portion 210 comprises a magnet 212 and a magnet 214.Positioning the magnet 212 and magnet 214 so that a magnetic ring has across sectional shape of a “V” as illustrated in FIG. 8b and where thelike poles face each other increases the strength of the magnetic fieldor flux density at the throat even if the strength of the individualmagnets remain the same. For purposes of this disclosure, such aconfiguration may be known as a “2×” magnet cylinder assembly, where theterm “×” indicates the approximate increase in flux density per magnetsurface area (and not necessarily the number of magnets used). Such aconfiguration may increase the flux density approximately two times atthe selected pole exit area 211. Collapsing or compressing the “V’further concentrates the flux density but at the expense of a smallerexit area 211.

FIG. 8c is an isometric illustration of a portion 220 of a magneticring, where each portion 220 comprises a magnet 222, a magnet 224, and amagnet 226. Positioning the magnet 222, the magnet 224, and the magnet226 so that a magnetic ring has a cross sectional shape of a “U” asillustrated in FIG. 8c and where the like poles face of each magnetfaces inward increases the strength of the magnetic field or fluxdensity even if the strength of the individual magnets remain the same.For purposes of this disclosure, such a configuration may be known as a“3×” conceptual magnet cylinder assembly. Such a configuration mayincrease the flux density approximately three times at the selected poleexit area 221. Collapsing or compressing the “U’ (i.e., moving magnet224 towards magnet 222) further concentrates the flux density but at theexpense of a smaller exit area 221.

FIG. 8d is an isometric illustration of a portion 230 of a magneticring, where each portion 230 comprises a magnet 232, a magnet 234, amagnet 236, a magnet 238, and a magnet 240 (not visible in FIG. 8d ).Positioning the magnet 232 opposing the magnet 234 so that their likepoles face each other and positioning the magnet 236 opposing the magnet238 so that their like poles face each other. In other words, all of thesouth poles of the magnets 236 through 238 face inward. Furthermore, amagnet 240 is positioned on the back face of the “tube” formed by themagnets 232 to 238 to create an open box shape or cube as illustrated inFIG. 8d . For purposes of this disclosure, such a configuration may beknown as a “5×” conceptual magnet cylinder assembly. Such aconfiguration may increase the flux density approximately five times atthe selected pole exit area 231. Collapsing or compressing the box area(e.g., moving the magnets 236 towards magnet 238) further concentratesthe flux density but at the expense of a smaller exit area 231.

For brevity and clarity, a description of those parts or componentswhich are identical or similar to those described above will not berepeated here. Reference should be made to the foregoing paragraphs withthe following description to arrive at a complete understanding ofalternative embodiments.

Turning now to FIGS. 9a through 9d , there is presented an alternativeembodiment or a 3× design which concentrates the magnetic field or fluxlines to improve the efficiency of the motor or generator. FIG. 9a is anisometric exploded view of a magnetic cylindrical coil assembly 300.FIG. 9b is an isometric view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coilassembly 300. FIG. 9c is a longitudinal section view of the assembledmagnetic cylindrical coil assembly 300 within a motor/generator assembly350. FIG. 9d is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magneticcylindrical coil assembly 300 within a motor/generator assembly 350showing a brush system electrically coupled to various coils of themagnetic cylindrical coil assembly. Although four brushes per toroidcylinder are shown, the actual number of brushes depend on well knownengineering factors, such as wear and current carrying capacity.

Turning now to FIGS. 9a and 9b , there is an enhanced flux toroidal coremagnetic cylinder assembly 300. In some aspects, many of thesecomponents of the cylinder assembly 300 are assembled utilizing theenhanced magnetic cylinder concepts as described above. Note that onlyone pole (i.e., either North or South) is used and concentratedthroughout the length and breadth of the magnetic cylinder 300.

In certain embodiments, a conductor wrapped coil assembly 310 comprisesa core 312 which may be formed of iron, iron powder composite or othermagnetic/non-magnetic core material. A conductive material 314, such ascopper wire is wrapped around the core 312 to form one or more coils.Thus, the coil assembly 310 may consist of one or more coil segments.Especially in brushless designs, multiple coil segments allows speedcontrol by selectively connecting coil segments in differingcombinations of series and parallel connections without changing thesystem supply voltage. For purposes of example, certain embodiments ofthe coil assembly 310 may comprise twenty four (“24”) coil segmentswhich allows multiple possible combinations of series-parallelconnections resulting in multiple output speeds or output power. Where acontinuously variable speed or torque requirement are required, inputvoltages may be adjusted accordingly and if needed, in combination withsimple relaying or switched step control of the series-parallelconnections between the coil segments. The coil assembly 310 isgenerally ring shape which allows an interior longitudinal magneticcylinder 315 to slip through the coil assembly's central aperture 316.

As illustrated, the interior magnetic cylinder 315 comprises a series orplurality of magnets 318 where the north poles face radially outward andtransverse to the longitudinal axis 302. Thus, when assembled the northpoles of the plurality of magnets 318 would face the core 312 of thecoil assembly 310. A first side or end magnetic ring assembly 320 ispositioned next to the coil assembly 310. In certain embodiments thefirst side magnetic ring assembly 320 comprises a plurality of magnets322 arranged in a radial pattern where the poles of each magnet 322 a inthe plurality of magnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashionwith a longitudinal axis 302. As illustrated the north poles of theplurality of magnets 322 face inward toward the core 312 or the coilassembly 310.

In certain embodiments, a second side or end magnetic ring assembly 330comprises a plurality of magnets 332 arranged in a radial pattern wherethe poles of each magnet 332 a in the plurality of magnets are generallyaligned in a parallel fashion with the longitudinal axis 302. Asillustrated the north poles of the plurality of magnets 332 face inwardtoward the coil assembly 310.

When assembled, it is apparent from discussion regarding FIGS. 8athrough 8d , that the coil assembly 300 uses a 3× flux concentratordesign to concentrate the flux force intensity or magnetic fields.

FIG. 9c is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of one embodiment of anelectric motor/generator assembly 350 which incorporates the magneticcylinder 300. The motor/generator assembly 350 may use componentssimilar to the components discussed above, such as the magnetic cylinder100 and the rotor hub 134.

In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly 350 has alongitudinal shaft 352. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft352 may be made from an iron, steel, or a ferrite compound with similarmagnetic properties to iron. In certain embodiments, the longitudinalshaft 352 may include a ferrite compound or powder. In some embodiments,the ferrite compound or powder may be suspended in a viscous material,such as an insulating liquid, a lubricant, motor oil, gel, or mineraloil to reduce or eliminate eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis.

In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing 354which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder 300 and thelongitudinal shaft 352. In certain embodiments, the housing 354 may beformed from any material, alloy, or compound having the requiredstructural strength. In certain embodiments, non-ferrous materials maybe used. In some embodiments, external bearings (not shown) may be usedto reduce the friction between the longitudinal shaft 352 and thehousing 354 or a similar supporting structure. In certain embodiments,the housing 354 may be coupled to a base (not shown) to provide forstructural support for the housing 354

As illustrated in FIG. 9c , the magnetic cylinder 300 may be a 3×brushless assembly in that the magnet assembly (e.g., the magneticlongitudinal cylinder 315, the first side magnetic ring 320, and thesecond side magnetic 330) acts as the rotor with the toroidal coilassembly 310 stationary. This configuration has the advantage of usingcoil segments whose conductor leads can be brought to a single location(not shown) allowing stepped speed control by simple switchingseries-parallel combinations in combination with varying voltage inputswhere stepless control of motor/generator outputs are desired. Aconnecting hub 340 couples the magnetic cylinder 315 to the shaft 302 ina conventional manner.

FIG. 9d illustrates the magnetic cylinder 300 as a 3× concentratedbrushed “side wall” brush assembly. This assembly may be easilyincorporated into a modular assembly 500 illustrated in FIGS. 11athrough 11d below. In certain embodiments, the modular assembly 500 maybe a bolt up modular assembly which allows greater flexibility inselecting differing mechanical or electrical outputs without majordesign changes. Engineering needs and design consideration willdetermine the maximal numbers of magnetic cylinder and coils assemblies.

Turning now to FIGS. 10a and 10b , there is presented an alternativeembodiment or a 3× design which concentrates magnetic fields or fluxlines 401 to improve the efficiency of a motor or generator 450. FIG.10a is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindricalcoil assembly 400 within the motor/generator assembly 450 where a coilsegment 410 a is not in an energized state. FIG. 10b is a longitudinalsection view of the motor/generator assembly 450 when the coil segment410 a is in an energized state (i.e, current/voltage moving through theconductive material 414.

The enhanced flux toroidal core magnetic cylinder assembly 400 issimilar to the core magnetic cylinder assembly 300 except that theinterior parallel magnetic cylinder 315 is positioned on the outside ofthe side magnets ring assemblies 420 and 430.

In certain embodiments, a conductor wrapped coil assembly 410 comprisesa core 412 which may be formed of iron, iron powder composite or othermagnetic/non-magnetic core material similar to the core 312 discussedabove. A conductive material 414, similar to the conductive material314, is wrapped around the core 412 to form one or more coils or coilsegments such as coil segment 410 a. Thus, the coil assembly 410 mayconsist of one or more coil segments as described above in reference tothe coil assembly 310.

The coil assembly 410 is generally ring shape which allows a connectinghub 417 to couple the coil assembly 410 to a longitudinal shaft 452. Incertain embodiments, the connecting hub may be coupled to slip rings(not shown) or bushings 419.

As illustrated, the exterior magnetic cylinder 415 comprises a series orplurality of magnets 418 where the north poles face radially inwardtowards the core 412 and the longitudinal axis 402. A first sidemagnetic ring assembly 420 is positioned next to the coil assembly 410.In certain embodiments, the first side magnetic ring assembly 420comprises a plurality of magnets 422 arranged in a radial pattern wherethe poles of each magnet 422 a in the plurality of magnets are generallyaligned in a parallel fashion with a longitudinal axis 402. Asillustrated the north poles of the plurality of magnets 422 face inwardtoward the core 412.

In certain embodiments a second side magnetic ring assembly 430comprises a plurality of magnets 432 arranged in a radial pattern wherethe poles of each magnet 432 a in the plurality of magnets are generallyaligned in a parallel fashion with the longitudinal axis 402. Asillustrated the north poles of the plurality of magnets 432 face inwardtoward the core 412.

In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly 450 has alongitudinal shaft 452. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft452 may be similar to the longitudinal shaft 352 discussed above.

In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing 454(similar to housing 354 discussed above) which provides structuralsupport for the coil assembly 410 and the longitudinal shaft 452. Insome embodiments, external bearings (not shown) may be used to reducethe friction between the longitudinal shaft 452 and the housing 454 or asimilar supporting structure.

As illustrated in FIGS. 10a and 10b , the magnetic cylinder 400 may be a3× brushless assembly in that the magnet cylinder assembly 400 (e.g.,the exterior magnetic ring 414, the first side magnetic ring 420, andthe second side magnetic 430) acts as the stator with the toroidal coilassembly 410 acting as a rotor.

FIG. 10a illustrates the representative flux paths in a 3× magneticcylinder assembly section prior to energization of the coils. When acurrent is established in the coil segment 410 a, the permanent magnetflux lines 401 of FIG. 10a are forced outside the coil segment 410 a andare compressed in the remaining space between the magnetic rings and thecore or coil segment 410 a as illustrated in FIG. 10b . A Lorentz forceis then imparted on the rotor causing rotation in the case of a motorand induced current flow in the case of a generator. The force impartedor the voltage/current flow established is indicated by the Lorentzforce calculations.

In a motor, force is equal to flux density in Tesla times the amperagetimes the conductor length in meters. In a generator voltage is equal toflux density in Tesla times velocity times conductor length in meters.In all configurations presented in this application these basiccalculations are utilized.

Turning now to FIGS. 11a through 11d , there is presented an alternativemodular embodiment where each module uses a 3× design which concentratesthe magnetic field or flux lines to improve the efficiency of the motoror generator. FIG. 11a is an isometric view of the assembled magneticcylindrical coil assembly 500. FIG. 11b is a longitudinal isometricsection view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly 500within a motor/generator assembly 550. FIG. 11c is a longitudinalsection view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly 500within a motor/generator assembly 550. FIG. 11d is a longitudinalsection view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly 500within a motor/generator assembly 550 showing an exemplary brush systemelectrically coupled to various coils of the magnetic cylindrical coilassembly.

Turning now to FIGS. 11a and 11b , there is an enhanced flux toroidalcore magnetic cylinder assembly 500. In some aspects, many of thesecomponents of the cylinder assembly 500 are assembled utilizing theenhanced magnetic cylinder concepts as described above. The magneticassembly 500 is essentially three magnetic cylinders 100 (discussedabove) assembled longitudinally as a single cylinder assembly (withcertain polarities reversed as explained below) and on a common shaft.

In certain embodiments, conductor wrapped coil assemblies 510 a through510 c include cores 512 a through 512 c similar to the core 312discussed above. The cores 512 a through 512 c may be formed of iron,iron powder composite or other magnetic/non-magnetic core material.Conductive materials 514 a through 514 c, such as copper wire areindividually wrapped around the cores 512 a, the core 512 b, and thecore 512 c to form one or more coil segments for each coil assembly 512a through 512 c. As discussed above, multiple coil segments in each coilassembly 510 a through 510 c allows speed control by selectivelyconnecting coil segments in differing combinations of series andparallel connections without changing the system supply voltage.

The coil assemblies 510 a through 510 c are generally ring shape whichallows for interior magnetic cylinders 514 a through 514 c to bepositioned annularly with respect to a longitudinal axis 502. Aplurality of hubs, such as hub 516 a through 516 c couple a longitudinalshaft 552 to the interior magnetic cylinders 515 a through 515 c.

As illustrated, the interior magnetic cylinders 515 a through 515 c eachcomprise a series or plurality of magnets 518 positioned such that theirmagnetic poles are radially aligned perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis 502. A first end magnetic ring assembly 520 is positioned next tothe coil assembly 510 a. In certain embodiments, the first end magneticring assembly 520 comprises a plurality of magnets 522 arranged in aradial pattern where the poles of each magnet in the plurality ofmagnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashion with a longitudinalaxis 502 (similar to the ring assembly 320 discussed above). Asillustrated, the north poles of the plurality of magnets 522 face inwardtoward the core 512 a.

In certain embodiments a second end magnetic ring assembly 530 comprisesa plurality of magnets 532 arranged in a radial pattern where the polesof each magnet 532 a in the plurality of magnets are generally alignedin a parallel fashion with the longitudinal axis 502. As illustrated, inFIGS. 11c and 11d , the north poles of the plurality of magnets 532 faceinward toward the core 512 c.

As illustrated in FIGS. 11c and 11d , the magnetic cylinder 500 mayinclude three “magnetic cylinders” 500 a, 500 b, and 500 c spacedlongitudinally from each other and sharing the same shaft 552 andlongitudinal axis 502. In the embodiment of the magnetic cylinder 500,the individual magnetic cylinders 500 a, 500 b, and 500 c alternatemagnetic polarities. For instance, the north pole of magnet 515 a facesoutward towards the core 512 a. However, the north pole of the magnet515 b faces inward away from the core 512 b. Similarly, the north poleof magnet 515 c faces outward towards the core 512 c. This pattern wouldcontinue if more individual magnetic cylinders were added to themagnetic cylinder assembly 500.

In other words, the space filled by the core 512 a for the individualmagnetic cylinder 500 a has a magnetic force filled with a “north pole”polarity from the positioning of the magnets 522, the magnets 515 a, andthe magnets of the magnetic ring 524. On the other hand, the spacefilled by the core 512 b for the individual magnetic cylinder 500 b hasa magnetic force filled with a “south pole” polarity from thepositioning of the magnets of the magnetic ring 524, the magnets 515 b,and the magnets of the magnetic ring 526. The space filled by the core512 c for the individual magnetic cylinder 500 c has a magnetic forcefilled with a “north pole” polarity from the positioning of the magnetsfrom the magnetic ring 526, the magnets 515 c, and the magnets of themagnetic ring 532.

In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft 552 may be made from aniron, steel, or a ferrite compound with similar magnetic properties toiron. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft 552 may include aferrite compound or powder. In some embodiments, the ferrite compound orpowder may be suspended in a viscous material, such as an insulatingliquid, a lubricant, motor oil, gel, or mineral oil to reduce oreliminate eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis.

In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing 554which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder 500 and thelongitudinal shaft 552. In certain embodiments, the housing 554 may beformed from any material, alloy, or compound having the requiredstructural strength. In certain embodiments, non-ferrous materials maybe used. In some embodiments, external bearings (not shown) may be usedto reduce the friction between the longitudinal shaft 552 and thehousing 554 or a similar supporting structure. In certain embodiments,the housing 554 may be coupled to a base (not shown) to provide forstructural support for the housing 554.

In this example, the magnetic cylinders 500 a through 500 c include a 3×concentration and brushless assembly in that the magnet assembly (e.g.,the magnetic ring or cylinder 515, the first side magnetic ring 520, andthe second side magnetic 530) acts as the rotor with the toroidal coilassembly 510 stationary. This configuration has the advantage of usingcoil segments whose conductor leads can be brought to a single location(not shown) allowing stepped speed control by simple switchingseries-parallel combinations in combination with varying voltage inputswhere stepless control of motor/generator outputs are desired.

FIG. 12 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of one embodiment of anelectric motor/generator assembly 650 which incorporates an enhancedflux magnetic cylinder 600. The motor/generator assembly 650 may usecomponents similar to the components discussed above, such as coilassembly 610. In some aspects, many of these components of the magneticcylinder assembly 600 and the motor/generator assembly 650 are assembledutilizing the enhanced magnetic cylinder concepts as described above.

In certain embodiments, the conductor wrapped coil assembly 610comprises a core 612 similar to the core 312 discussed above. Aconductive material 614, such as copper wire is wrapped around the core612 to form one or more coil segments 610 a. The coil assembly 610 isgenerally ring shape and may be coupled to a connecting hub or slingring assembly 617 which may in turn be coupled to a shaft 652.

As illustrated, the enhanced flux toroidal magnetic cylinder assembly600 comprises three U-shaped magnetic cylinders 680, 682 and 684 wherethe open end face of each U shaped cylinder faces the core 612 or thecoil assembly 610. Each of the U-shaped magnetic cylinders are comprisedwith a series or plurality of magnets 618 where the north poles of eachmagnet faces inward towards the “U” space. Thus when assembled, thenorth poles of the plurality of magnets 618 faces the core 612 toconcentrate the magnetic fields of the magnets.

The coil assembly 600 uses a 9× flux concentrator design (three 3×concentrators). Thus, the assembled 650 motor/generator has a magneticconcentration of 9× and uses a typical DC brushes 619 (although four areshown, any number may be used depending on the engineering factors) toimpart or collect the current. In this particular embodiment, thetoroidal coil assembly 610 acts as the rotor which is connected to aslip ring assembly 642. The 9× magnet cylinder or ring assembly acts asthe stator. The greater flux density acting on the conductors increasesthe Lorentz outputs in motor or generator mode.

In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly 650 has alongitudinal shaft 652, similar to the shaft 352 discussed above.

In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing 654which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder 600 and thelongitudinal shaft 652.

FIGS. 13a and 13b illustrate a hybrid electromagnet magnet assembly 700which may be incorporated in certain aspects of the above magneticcylinders to concentrate the magnetic fields. Additionally, iron coresor similar materials may also be used with the magnetic cylinders toconcentrate the magnetic fields as described above.

In certain embodiments, the magnet assembly 700 comprises at least twoor more commercially available permanent magnets 710 and 712 positionedon either end of an iron core 714. In the illustrated embodiment acylinder shape has been selected but any shape may be constructed in anysuitable configuration.

FIG. 13a illustrates conceptual flux lines 716 of the hybrid magnetassembly 700. One skilled in the art may see that though some of thealigned magnetic domains will contribute to flux lines 716 exiting thepermanent magnets pole faces, however, most will “leak” out of the coreside walls 718.

FIG. 13b illustrates the hybrid magnet assembly 700 with a spirallywrapped a conductive material 720 carrying a current. As illustrated,the conductor 720 confines and concentrates all the flux lines 716 toalign any magnetic domains not aligned by the permanent magnets. Thisaddition allows the creation of much stronger magnetic flux outputs at alower ampere turn levels than conventional iron core coils.

Thus, such “hybrid” magnet assemblies can also be used to assist in theconcentration of flux force lines in the magnetic cylinders discussedabove.

In certain embodiments, there is an apparatus or system claims toproduce voltage, for instance, there may be:

A system for generating DC electric voltage characterized by: a meansfor concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around acircumferential portion of a magnetic cylinder to create an area ofmagnetic concentration comprising a stacked plurality of similarlypolarized magnetic flux forces, a means for coupling the coil segment toa longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, thecoil segment is moved into the area of concentration, a means forproducing a voltage in the coil segment as the plurality of flux forceswithin the area of magnetic concentration are compressed, and a meansfor removing the voltage from the coil segment.

There may also be the above system further characterized by: a means forconcentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around anadditional circumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create anadditional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additionalstacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces whereinthe additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positionedaway from the area of magnetic concentration, a means for coupling theadditional coil segment to a longitudinal shaft such that as thelongitudinal shaft rotates, the additional coil segment is moved intothe additional area of concentration, a means for producing anadditional voltage in the additional coil segment as the plurality offlux forces within the area of magnetic concentration are compressed,and a means for removing the voltage from the coil segment.

There may also be the above systems wherein the system is furthercharacterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magneticflux forces around a circumferential portion of an additional magneticcylinder positioned longitudinally away from the magnetic cylinder tocreate an additional area of magnetic concentration within theadditional magnetic cylinder comprising an additional stacked pluralityof similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, a means for coupling anadditional coil segment positioned within the additional cylinder to alongitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, theadditional coil segment is moved into the additional area ofconcentration, a means for producing an additional current in theadditional coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within theadditional area of magnetic concentration are compressed, and a meansfor removing the additional voltage from the additional coil segment.

There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a meansfor concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around anadditional circumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinderto create an second additional area of magnetic concentration comprisinga second additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magneticflux forces wherein the second additional area of magnetic concentrationis radially positioned away from the additional area of magneticconcentration, a means for coupling a second additional coil segmentpositioned within the additional cylinder to the longitudinal shaft suchthat as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the second additional coilsegment is moved into the second additional area of concentration, ameans for producing a second additional voltage in the second additionalcoil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the secondadditional area of magnetic concentration are compressed, a means forremoving the second additional voltage from the second additional coilsegment.

Yet, there may also be a system or apparatus claims to producemechanical power, for instance: A system for producing radial motion ofa shaft, the system characterized by: a means for concentratingsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferentialportion of a magnetic cylinder to create an area of magneticconcentration comprising a stacked plurality of similarly polarizedmagnetic flux forces, a means for radially moving a coil segment intothe area of magnetic concentration, a means for applying a current tothe coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the areaof magnetic concentration, a means for creating a repulsive magneticforce on the coil segment to move the coil segment out of the area ofmagnetic concentration, and a means for coupling the coil segment to alongitudinal shaft such that as the coil segment moves out of the areaof concentration, the shaft rotates in a radial manner.

There may also be the above system further characterized by: a means forconcentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around anadditional circumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create anadditional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additionalstacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces whereinthe additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positionedaway from the area of magnetic concentration, a means for radiallymoving an additional coil segment into the additional area of magneticconcentration, a means for applying an additional current to theadditional coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces withinthe additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for creating anadditional repulsive magnetic force on the additional coil segment tomove the additional coil segment out of the additional area ofconcentration, and a means for coupling the additional coil segment tothe longitudinal shaft such that as the additional coil segment movesout of the additional area of concentration, the additional coil segmentcontributes to the radial shaft rotation.

There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a meansfor concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around acircumferential portion of an additional magnetic cylinder positionedlongitudinally away from the magnetic cylinder to create an additionalarea of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stackedplurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, a means forradially moving an additional coil segment into the additional area ofmagnetic concentration, a means for applying an additional current tothe additional coil segment to change the additional plurality of fluxforces within the additional area of magnetic concentration, a means forcreating an additional repulsive magnetic force on the additional coilsegment to move the additional coil segment out of the additional areaof magnetic concentration, and a means for coupling the additional coilsegment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the additional coilsegment moves out of the additional area of concentration, theadditional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation.

There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a meansfor concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around anadditional circumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinderto create an second additional area of magnetic concentration comprisinga second additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magneticflux forces wherein the second additional area of magnetic concentrationis radially positioned away from the additional area of magneticconcentration, a means for radially moving a second additional coilsegment into the second additional area of magnetic concentration, ameans for applying a second additional current to the second additionalcoil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the secondadditional area of magnetic concentration, a means for creating a secondadditional repulsive magnetic force on the second additional coilsegment to move the second additional coil segment out of the secondadditional area of concentration, and a means for coupling the secondadditional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as thesecond additional coil segment moves out of the second additional areaof concentration, the second additional coil segment contributes to theradial shaft rotation.

Also disclosed are means of creating the area of concentration, whichmay include: the above systems further characterized by: a means forpositioning a longitudinal magnet within the magnetic cylinder, suchthat a longitudinal has a longitudinal axis that is parallel to alongitudinal axis of the shaft and that the poles of the longitudinalmagnet are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, a means forpositioning a first transverse magnet within the magnetic cylinder, suchthat the poles of the of the first transverse magnet are parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the shaft, a means for positioning a secondtransverse magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that the poles ofthe of the second transverse magnet are parallel to the longitudinalaxis of the shaft, such that similarly polarized magnet poles all facetowards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration.

There may also be the above system further characterized by: a firstmagnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder, a second magnetpositioned within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarizedmagnet poles of the first and second magnets face towards one area toproduce the area of magnetic concentration.

There may also be the above systems further characterized by: whereinthe means for concentrating is further characterized by a third magnetpositioned within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarizedmagnet poles of the first magnet, second magnet, and third magnet facetowards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration.

There may also be the above systems further characterized by: whereinthe means for concentrating is further characterized by positioning anadditional magnets within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarlypolarized magnetic poles of the first magnet, the second magnet, and thethird magnet, and the additional magnets are positioned such that thepolarized magnetic poles of the plurality of additional magnets facetowards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration.

There may also be the above systems further characterized by: whereinthe means for concentrating is further characterized by anelectromagnetic magnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder toproduce the area of magnetic concentration.

There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a firstmagnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder, a second magnetpositioned within the magnetic cylinder, an iron core coupling the firstmagnet to the second magnet and positioned between the first magnet andthe second magnet, conductive material wrapped around the iron core, anda means for applying a current to the conductive material to produce anarea of magnetic concentration.

Also disclosed are method claims to produce DC voltage: such as a methodof producing DC voltage, the method characterized by: concentratingsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferentialportion of a magnetic cylinder to create an area of magneticconcentration comprising a stacked plurality of similarly polarizedmagnetic flux forces, coupling the coil segment to a longitudinal shaftsuch that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the coil segment is movedinto the area of concentration, producing a voltage in the coil segmentas the plurality of flux forces within the area of magneticconcentration are compressed, removing the voltage from the coilsegment.

The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentratingsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additionalcircumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create an additionalarea of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stackedplurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein theadditional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned awayfrom the area of magnetic concentration, coupling the additional coilsegment to a longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaftrotates, the additional coil segment is moved into the additional areaof concentration, producing an additional voltage in the additional coilsegment as the plurality of flux forces within the area of magneticconcentration are compressed, removing the voltage from the coilsegment.

The methods of the above claims wherein the method is furthercharacterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forcesaround a circumferential portion of an additional magnetic cylinderpositioned longitudinally away from the magnetic cylinder to create anadditional area of magnetic concentration within the additional magneticcylinder comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarlypolarized magnetic flux forces, coupling an additional coil segmentpositioned within the additional cylinder to a longitudinal shaft suchthat as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the additional coil segment ismoved into the additional area of concentration, producing an additionalvoltage in the additional coil segment as the plurality of flux forceswithin the additional area of magnetic concentration are compressed,removing the additional voltage from the additional coil segment.

The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentratingsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additionalcircumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinder to create ansecond additional area of magnetic concentration comprising a secondadditional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forceswherein the second additional area of magnetic concentration is radiallypositioned away from the additional area of magnetic concentration,coupling a second additional coil segment positioned within theadditional cylinder to the longitudinal shaft such that as thelongitudinal shaft rotates, the second additional coil segment is movedinto the second additional area of concentration, producing a secondadditional voltage in the second additional coil segment as theplurality of flux forces within the second additional area of magneticconcentration are compressed, removing the second additional voltagefrom the second additional coil segment.

Additionally, there may be methods to produce DC mechanical power suchas: a method of producing a radial motion of a shaft, the methodcharacterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forcesaround a circumferential portion of a magnetic cylinder to create anarea of magnetic concentration comprising a stacked plurality ofsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces, radially moving a coil segmentinto the area of magnetic concentration, applying a current to the coilsegment to change the plurality of flux forces within the area ofmagnetic concentration, creating a repulsive magnetic force on the coilsegment to move the coil segment out of the area of magneticconcentration, and coupling the coil segment to a longitudinal shaftsuch that as the coil segment moves out of the area of concentration,the shaft rotates in a radial manner.

The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentratingsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additionalcircumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create an additionalarea of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stackedplurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein theadditional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned awayfrom the area of magnetic concentration, radially moving an additionalcoil segment into the additional area of magnetic concentration,applying an additional current to the additional coil segment to changethe plurality of flux forces within the additional area of magneticconcentration, creating an additional repulsive magnetic force on theadditional coil segment to move the additional coil segment out of theadditional area of concentration, and coupling the additional coilsegment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the additional coilsegment moves out of the additional area of concentration, theadditional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation.

The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentratingsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferentialportion of an additional magnetic cylinder positioned longitudinallyaway from the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magneticconcentration comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarlypolarized magnetic flux forces, radially moving an additional coilsegment into the additional area of magnetic concentration, applying anadditional current to the additional coil segment to change theadditional plurality of flux forces within the additional area ofmagnetic concentration, creating an additional repulsive magnetic forceon the additional coil segment to move the additional coil segment outof the additional area of magnetic concentration, and coupling theadditional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as theadditional coil segment moves out of the additional area ofconcentration, the additional coil segment contributes to the radialshaft rotation.

The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentratingsimilarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additionalcircumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinder to create ansecond additional area of magnetic concentration comprising a secondadditional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forceswherein the second additional area of magnetic concentration is radiallypositioned away from the additional area of magnetic concentration,radially moving a second additional coil segment into the secondadditional area of magnetic concentration, applying a second additionalcurrent to the second additional coil segment to change the plurality offlux forces within the second additional area of magnetic concentration,creating a second additional repulsive magnetic force on the secondadditional coil segment to move the second additional coil segment outof the second additional area of concentration, and coupling the secondadditional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as thesecond additional coil segment moves out of the second additional areaof concentration, the second additional coil segment contributes to theradial shaft rotation.

As above, there may also be methods of creating the area ofconcentration: such as the methods of the above claims wherein theconcentrating is further characterized by: positioning a longitudinalmagnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that a longitudinal has alongitudinal axis that is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the shaftand that the poles of the longitudinal magnet are transverse to thelongitudinal axis of the shaft, positioning a first transverse magnetwithin the magnetic cylinder, such that the poles of the of the firsttransverse magnet are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft,positioning a second transverse magnet within the magnetic cylinder,such that the poles of the of the second transverse magnet are parallelto the longitudinal axis of the shaft, such that similarly polarizedmagnet poles all face towards one area to produce the area of magneticconcentration.

The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is furthercharacterized by: positioning a first magnet within the magneticcylinder, positioning a second magnet within the magnetic cylinder, suchthat similarly polarized magnet poles of the first and second magnetsface towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration.

The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is furthercharacterized by positioning a third magnet within the magneticcylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the firstmagnet, second magnet, and third magnet face towards one area to producethe area of magnetic concentration.

The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is furthercharacterized by positioning a fourth magnet within the magneticcylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the firstmagnet, second magnet, third magnet and forth magnet face towards onearea to produce the area of magnetic concentration.

The methods of the above claims further characterized by wherein theconcentrating is further characterized by positioning a fifth magnetwithin the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet polesof the first magnet, second magnet, third magnet, forth magnet and firthmagnets face towards one area to produce the area of magneticconcentration.

The methods of the above claims further characterized by wherein theconcentrating is further characterized by positioning an additionalmagnets within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarizedmagnetic poles of the first magnet and the polarized magnetic poles ofthe plurality of additional magnets face towards one area to produce thearea of magnetic concentration.

The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is furthercharacterized by positioning an electromagnetic magnet within themagnetic cylinder to produce the area of magnetic concentration.

The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is furthercharacterized by: positioning a first magnet within the magneticcylinder, positioning a second magnet within the magnetic cylinder,positioning an iron core between the first magnet and the second magnet,positioning conductive material around the iron core, and applying acurrent to the conductive material to produce an area of magneticconcentration.

The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is furthercharacterized by positioning one or more iron cores or similar metalswithin the magnetic cylinder to assist in producing the area of magneticconcentration.

The abstract of the disclosure is provided for the sole reason ofcomplying with the rules requiring an abstract, which will allow asearcher to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technicaldisclosure of any patent issued from this disclosure. It is submittedwith the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limitthe scope or meaning of the claims.

Any advantages and benefits described may not apply to all embodimentsof the invention. When the word “means” is recited in a claim element,Applicant intends for the claim element to fall under 35 USC 112,paragraph 6. Often a label of one or more words precedes the word“means”. The word or words preceding the word “means” is a labelintended to ease referencing of claims elements and is not intended toconvey a structural limitation. Such means-plus-function claims areintended to cover not only the structures described herein forperforming the function and their structural equivalents, but alsoequivalent structures. For example, although a nail and a screw havedifferent structures, they are equivalent structures since they bothperform the function of fastening. Claims that do not use the word meansare not intended to fall under 35 USC 112, paragraph 6.

The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has beenpresented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formdisclosed. Many combinations, modifications and variations are possiblein light of the above teaching. Undescribed embodiments which haveinterchanged components are still within the scope of the presentinvention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited notby this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of producing DC voltage, the methodcomprising: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forceswithin an interior of a partial toroidal magnetic cylinder to create afirst area of magnetic concentration comprising a plurality of similarlypolarized magnetic flux forces, providing a 360 degree rotation pathcomprising the interior of the toroidal magnetic cylinder and an openmagnetic area outside of the interior of the toroidal magnetic cylinder,rotationally moving a coil segment along the 360 degree rotation pathand producing a voltage in the coil segment as the coil segmentrotationally moves through the first area of magnetic concentration,removing the voltage from the coil segment, rotationally moving the coilsegment along the 360 degree rotation path into the open magnetic area,positioning a first plurality of magnets along an interior wall of thepartial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of the plurality ofmagnets in the first plurality of magnets has a first common pole facingtowards the interior of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder,positioning a second plurality of magnets along a first side wall of thepartial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of the plurality ofmagnets in the second plurality of magnets has a second common polefacing towards the interior of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder,positioning a third plurality of magnets along a second side wall of thepartial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of the plurality ofmagnets in the third plurality of magnets has a third common pole facingtowards the interior of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder, andwherein first common pole, the second common pole, and the third commonpole have the same magnetic polarity.
 2. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: rotationally moving a second coil segment along the 360degree rotation path and producing a voltage in the second coil segmentas the second coil segment rotationally moves through the first area ofmagnetic concentration, removing the voltage from the second coilsegment, rotationally moving the second coil segment along the 360degree rotation path into the open magnetic area.
 3. The method of claim2 further comprising: rotationally moving an additional coil segmentalong the 360 degree rotation path and producing a voltage in the secondcoil segment as the second coil segment rotationally moves through thefirst area of magnetic concentration, removing the voltage from theadditional coil segment, rotationally moving the additional coil segmentalong the 360 degree rotation path into the open magnetic area.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the concentrating further comprises:positioning a fourth plurality of magnets along an exterior wall of thepartial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of the plurality ofmagnets in the fourth plurality of magnets has a fourth common polefacing towards the interior of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder,and wherein first common pole, the second common pole, the third commonpole, and the fourth common pole have the same magnetic polarity.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the concentrating further comprises creatinga flux line from at least one magnet of the first, second, third, orforth plurality of magnets such that the flux line flows from the northpole of the magnet in a perpendicular manner from an interior face ofthe magnet, through the interior cavity of the toroidal magneticcylinder, out an open end of the toroidal magnetic cylinder, into theopen area, and then around an exterior of the toroidal cylinder to theexterior face of the magnet containing its south pole.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the formed flux line is dominantly aligned with thedirection of the applied force acting upon the coil segment therebyreducing losses.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing a 360degree rotation path further comprises adding a magnetic field of adiffering magnetic polarity in the open magnetic area.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the providing a 360 degree rotation path furthercomprises providing a circular core upon which one or more coil segmentsmay be positioned around.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein theconcentrating further comprises creating a flux line from at least onemagnet of the first plurality of magnets, the second plurality ofmagnets, the third plurality of magnets or a fourth plurality of magnetssuch that the flux line flows from the north pole of the magnet in aperpendicular manner from an interior face of the magnet, through theinterior cavity of the toroidal magnetic cylinder, through the circularcore, out an open end of the toroidal magnetic cylinder, into the openarea, and then around an exterior of the toroidal cylinder to theexterior face of the magnet containing its south pole.
 10. A method ofproducing a radial motion of a shaft, the method comprising:concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces within aninterior of a partial toroidal magnetic cylinder to create a first areaof magnetic concentration comprising a plurality of similarly polarizedmagnetic flux forces, providing a 360 degree rotation path consisting ofthe interior of the toroidal magnetic cylinder and an open area outsideof the interior of the toroidal magnetic cylinder, radially moving acoil segment along the rotation path into the first area of magneticconcentration, applying a current to the coil segment to change theplurality of flux forces within the first area of magneticconcentration, thereby creating a magnetic force on the coil segment tomove the coil segment out of the first area of magnetic concentrationalong the rotation path, and coupling the coil segment to a longitudinalshaft such that as the coil segment moves out of the first area ofconcentration along the rotation path, the shaft rotates in a radialmanner, positioning a first plurality of magnets along an interior wallof the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of the plurality ofmagnets in the first plurality of magnets has a first common pole facingtowards the interior of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder,positioning a second plurality of magnets along a first side wall of thepartial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of the plurality ofmagnets in the second plurality of magnets has a second common polefacing towards the interior of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder,positioning a third plurality of magnets along a second side wall of thepartial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of the plurality ofmagnets in the third plurality of magnets has a third common pole facingtowards the interior of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder, andwherein first common pole, the second common pole, and the third commonpole have the same magnetic polarity.
 11. The method of claim 10,further comprising: radially moving a second coil segment along therotation path into the first area of magnetic concentration, applying acurrent to the second coil segment to change the plurality of fluxforces within the first area of magnetic concentration, thereby creatinga magnetic force on the second coil segment to move the second coilsegment out of the first area of magnetic concentration along therotation path, and coupling the second coil segment to the longitudinalshaft such that as the second coil segment moves out of the first areaof concentration along the rotation path, the shaft rotates in a radialmanner.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: radially movingan additional coil segment along the rotation path into the first areaof magnetic concentration, applying a current to the additional coilsegment to change the plurality of flux forces within the first area ofmagnetic concentration, thereby creating a magnetic force on theadditional coil segment to move the additional coil segment out of thefirst area of magnetic concentration along the rotation path, andcoupling the additional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such thatas the additional coil segment moves out of the first area ofconcentration along the rotation path, the shaft rotates in a radialmanner.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the concentrating furthercomprises: positioning a fourth plurality of magnets along an exteriorwall of the partial toroidal magnetic cylinder where each of theplurality of magnets in the fourth plurality of magnets has a fourthcommon pole facing towards the interior of the partial toroidal magneticcylinder, and wherein first common pole, the second common pole, thethird common pole, and the fourth common pole have the same magneticpolarity.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the concentrating furthercomprises creating a flux line from at least one magnet of the first,second, third, or forth plurality of magnets such that the flux lineflows from the north pole of the magnet in a perpendicular manner froman interior face of the magnet, through the interior cavity of thetoroidal magnetic cylinder, out an open end of the toroidal magneticcylinder, into the open area, and then around an exterior of thetoroidal cylinder to the exterior face of the magnet containing itssouth pole.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the formed flux line isdominantly aligned with the direction of the applied force acting uponthe coil segment thereby reducing losses.
 16. The method of claim 10,wherein the providing a 360 degree rotation path comprising the interiorof the toroidal magnetic cylinder and an open magnetic area outside ofthe interior of the toroidal magnetic cylinder further comprises theopen magnetic area where the open magnetic area is of an oppositemagnetic polarity to the first area of magnetic concentration.
 17. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the providing a 360 degree rotation pathfurther comprises providing a circular core upon which one or more coilsegments may be positioned around.
 18. The method of claim 17, whereinthe concentrating further comprises creating a flux line from at leastone magnet of the first plurality of magnets, the second plurality ofmagnets, the third plurality of magnets or a fourth plurality of magnetssuch that the flux line flows from the north pole of the magnet in aperpendicular manner from an interior face of the magnet, through theinterior cavity of the toroidal magnetic cylinder, through the circularcore, out an open end of the toroidal magnetic cylinder, into the openarea, and then around an exterior of the toroidal cylinder to theexterior face of the magnet containing its south pole.